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It started with a period of glaciation that must have been a chilly change from the greenhouse-like Oligocene, and ended with a prolonged period of glaciation, too.

The Gibraltar arc formed in the Oligocene as a part of the Western Mediterranean subduction zones.

It represents a segment of a population tracing its ancestry back to the widespread Oligocene ancestor, approximately 28 million years ago, in the Philippines.

The report includes an understated, but nonetheless pointed, criticism of the paltriness of scientific literature about North Pacific odontocetes species from the Oligocene epoch, which lasted roughly from 33.7 to 23.8 million years ago.

As the Eocene gave way to the Oligocene, tectonic forces dealt a final blow to Gondwana, cleaving apart Australia, South America and Antarctica.