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“But instead of using an antisense oligo to force an exon that was being ignored to be included, we were using an antisense oligo to shut down an exon that was getting in the way.”

That’s because foods like these contain hard-to-digest carbohydrates called fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols.

Other possible triggers for gastric difficulties could be Fodmaps, or Fermentable, Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides and Polyols.

The free TdT is washed away, and the oligo is ready for the next base to be added.

Most new nucleotides attach to the growing oligo in 10 to 20 seconds, Palluk, Arlow, Keasling, and their colleagues report today in Nature Biotechnology.