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Simply put, with this model, periodontal disease is artificially induced by ligating silk threads onto the molars of mice models, which induces plaque accumulation.

The NHCs developed in this study play significant roles in stabilizing unstable molecules as well as enhancing the performance of their ligated transition metal complexes.

In brief, hairpin adapters were ligated, after which the remaining damaged DNA fragments and those without adapters at both ends were eliminated by digestion with exonucleases.

Because the ligated does were unable to become pregnant, they continued to produce chemical signals of readiness to reproduce — signals that can attract bucks from miles away.

Next, through a process of five enzymatic steps within each well, without intervening purification steps, DNA is fragmented and ligated with barcode adapters.