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“The primary advantage of proton beam therapy is its superior dose distribution over X-ray therapy,” says Dr. Fang.

This is “ionising” radiation, exploited in x-ray therapy where high-energy photons are marshalled to kill tumour cells.

As costs fall, the charges for proton therapy should be lowered to the level of sophisticated X-ray therapy within the next five to ten years.

One solution is to make the workflow of proton therapy similar to that of conventional X-ray therapy.

Regardless, she had to start X-ray therapy, which meant visiting Hopkins every weekday for a month.