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Underlying most literally means situated underneath—lying under something, as in We have to fix the underlying layer before repairing the surface.

Underlying perhaps most commonly means fundamental or basic. This sense of the word is used to describe things that are the basis, foundation, or cause of something else. A person’s underlying beliefs are their most essential beliefs, the ones that all their other beliefs, opinions, or values are based on. A single, underlying issue may be the basis of many other problems. Symptoms are caused by an underlying condition or disease.

Less commonly, underlying can be used to describe something that lies beneath in a figurative way, especially something that’s difficult to detect because it’s partially hidden, such as underlying guilt or the underlying theme of a poem.

Underlying is also the continuous tense (ing– form) of the verb underlie, meaning to literally lie beneath or to be the basis or foundation of, as in This is the main problem that underlies all the other issues.��

In a financial context, underlying is used more narrowly as a way of indicating what came first or what has precedence, such as in things like mortgages or insurance claims.

Example: We are still working to determine the underlying cause of the collapse.

The first records of the word underlying come from the early 1600s. It comes from the verb underlie, which is recorded much earlier, before 900. The word lie is used in the sense of “to be situated.”

Underlying is perhaps most often used to describe things that are situated at the figurative foundation or root of other things. This sense of the word can be used quite broadly. A thing described as underlying may form the basis of something, it may be the cause of something, or it may be the core motivation for something.

What are some synonyms for underlying?

• basic
• foundational
• root

What are some words that share a root or word element with underlying?��

• underlie
• under
• lie
• underlayment
• low-lying

What are some words that often get used in discussing underlying?

• issue
• cause
• problem
• assumption
• foundation

Underlying can be used both literally and figuratively. It’s used in many different contexts.

The symptoms of a panic attack are not dangerous, but can be very frightening. Our page has advice to help you deal with panic attacks, and potentially address the underlying issue that may be causing them:

— NHS (@NHSuk)

For the first time in modern history, Britons are living shorter lives. Poor lifestyles, depression and budget cuts are the leading causes, and experts say one of the underlying problems is the government’s austerity program.

— The New York Times (@nytimes)

Paul Kagame's often portrayed as an exacting technocrat or “benevolent dictator” that (and Africa) needs to achieve development. The underlying assumption that tyranny is somehow good for business is woefully counterproductive. Some of my thoughts:

— Jeffrey Smith (@Smith_JeffreyT)

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Which of the following words is NOT a synonym of underlying?

A. basic
B. root
C. surface
D. foundational