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Not alone were the Napoleonic battles thus depicted, but also the great contests of which the boys had read or heard at school,—Thermopyl�, Marathon, Leuctra, Cann�, and Pharsalus.

On the outbreak of the civil war, De�otarus naturally sided with his old patron Pompey, and after the battle of Pharsalus escaped with him to Asia.

As a result of Caesar’s victory at Pharsalus, the whole country fell into his power; the treatment which it received was on the whole lenient, though individual cities were punished severely.

After the battle of Pharsalus, he was commissioned to transport some recently levied troops to Illyricum.

The fresco depicts the ancient Battle of Pharsalus as a naked struggle of men and horses, a swarm of bodies in sepia monochrome – a strange and disturbing spectacle, in short.