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“For the majority of kids, there’s no objective test other than observation of behavior,” says Geraldine Dawson, a psychologist at Duke University, and the lead author of the research study.

“In terms of college readiness, even in a test-optional environment, these kinds of objective test scores about academic readiness are incredibly important,” Godwin said.

They said the judge should narrow the scope of any prosecution testing, arguing Bowers’ own lawyers subjected him to “numerous objective test measures,” and there’s no medical or legal justification to repeat them.

Implicit bias often shows up when there’s no objective test or measurement for a symptom, and that’s the case for pain.

Currently, there is no objective test to diagnose tinnitus, and the researchers note that people may only seek medical attention if their symptoms are severe.