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From bioprospecting beneficial microbes, he was now forced to consider less cheery possibilities.

Antimicrobial resistance - known as AMR - develops when the microbes that cause infections evolve in such a way that antibiotic drugs no longer work.

Memory B cells manufacture the right antibodies quickly when a familiar microbe appears.

Oh, we talked family, too, as well as friends, food and, yes, our apocalyptic reckoning with microbes.

So scientists have been running experiments monitoring how microbes degrade biochar over a few years in soil, then extrapolating that over longer time scales.