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Then came fresh urgency from the pope for the extirpation of heresy, with which Raymond doubtless made a show of compliance, as his heart was bent on obtaining from Rome a restoration of the Marquisate of Provence.

The marquisate of Provence, beyond the Rhone, a dependency of the empire, was given to the Church.

He was likewise suzerain, with more or less direct authority, of the Marquisate of Provence, the Comtat Venaissin and the counties of St. Gilles, Foix, Comminges, and Rodez, and of the Albigeois, Vivarais, G�vaudan, Velai, Rouergue, Querci, and Agenois.

In Italy he gained the grand duke of Tuscany—marrying his niece Marie de’ Medici in 1600—the duke of Mantua, the republic of Venice and Pope Paul V. The duke of Savoy, who had held back from the treaty of Vervins in 1598, signed the treaty of Lyons in 1601; in exchange for the marquisate of Saluzzo, France acquired Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and the bailliage of Gex.

Charles Louis de Houdetot received a marquisate in 1722, and on his son Claude Constance C�sar, lieutenant-general in the French army, was conferred the hereditary title of count in 1753.