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It is most often used to study how macromolecules, cellular organelles, or cells are spatially organized, providing structural and contextual insights at sub-nanometer resolution.

Plants and animals living in coral reefs release various substances, from complex macromolecules to individual amino acids, into the surrounding water.

Ring polymers are macromolecules composed of repeating units, forming closed loops without free ends.

Its nuclear envelope prevents unwanted proteins or harmful viruses from entering the nucleus and macromolecules from an uncontrolled escape.

Self-replication has been postulated to be central to the emergence of life, but the vast majority of its known manifestations require complex macromolecules like enzymes.