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At the era alluded to, Northern France, the country of the langue d’��ï��, although in a measure disturbed by unrest, was yet in a much better case to produce great literature than Castile, whose constant vendetta with the Moslem left her best minds only a margin of leisure for the production of pure literature—a margin, however, of which the fullest advantage was taken.

Moreover, the states were never really general; those of the Langue d’oc and the Langue d’oil sometimes acted together; but there was never a common understanding between them and always two Frances within the kingdom.

The first essays in Italian composition for a lettered public were translations from works already written by Italians in langue d'���.

Two languages, the langue d'oc and the langue d'���, gave birth to two separate species of poetry.

With the langue d'��� came the Chansons de Geste of the Carolingian Cycle and the romances of the Arthurian legend.