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“Their labor is a crucial factor of production, and it’s that production that generates other jobs in the sector. That’s something I wish everyone understood.”

"We will improve the governance of the digital economy and unleash the potential of data as a factor of production, to further stimulate economic development and enrich people's lives," said Li.

The project was supercharged in April 2020, when a State Council document declared data would be the fifth "factor of production" - on par with labour, technology, land and capital in terms of national economic resources.

There is this flavor — I’ll call it a factor of production, that it’s an input to somebody else’s creation.

“These urban governments see workers as just another factor of production. They are interested in upgrading industry, so they also want to upgrade, to use their language, ‘the quality of the people’.