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The outside cools much faster than the inside, creating compressive stress on the material and tempering it — making it stronger — by creating a structure in which the center is in tension but the exterior is being compressed.

“In the beginning of the day we have more fluid in our spines. Over the course of the day, due to compressive forces of weight-bearing, we lose fluid and become shorter,” explains Jonathan Locitzer, DPT, a physical therapist in Brooklyn, New York.

In his report, Baden wrote that his own autopsy revealed Lowery had suffered “traumatic blunt force” injuries to his face, jaw, arm and chest and found evidence of “compressive choking.”

The digitally programmable material exhibits remarkable mechanical capabilities, including shape-shifting and memory, stress-strain response, and Poisson's ratio under compressive load.

The study emphasizes that nanoscale deformation mechanisms of collagen fibrils accommodate compressive loading of the intervertebral disc.