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In contrast to conventional lithium-ion batteries, which have liquid organic electrolytes and use a polymer film to separate the anodic and cathodic compartments, all components of a solid-state battery are solids.

However, at the time, the researchers were prevented from reaching higher voltages by something called "cathodic challenge".

The citation found violations of state and federal requirements in the gas company’s cathodic protection systems, which are designed to prevent external corrosion by applying an electric current to underground steel pipelines.

International industry rules call for operators to consider tools to detect corrosion in pipelines, leak detection equipment and so-called cathodic protection in environments where corrosion is a risk.

The caustic liquor, usually run to waste from the cathodic compartment, could be delivered into a feed box from which it would be drawn off by the water injector used for dissolving the chlorine gas.