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These included rabies for dogs and cats, canine parvovirus and canine distemper for dogs, and feline panleukopenia and feline Bordetella for cats.

Populations of that subspecies found only on the island crashed to roughly 100 in 1999 because of a canine distemper epidemic.

Still, his organization recommends that “for small and highly vulnerable populations, it’s a good idea to do vaccinations” against canine distemper.

The biologist Craig Packer had studied lions for more than 15 years when canine distemper virus spilled over from village dogs and killed more than a third of his animals in 1994.

Wildlife Conservation Society scientists anesthetized the tiger and determined that she had canine distemper—the first case confirmed in a wild tiger.