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Scholars of the entity refer to it as "a denial machine," but it also fits Louis Althusser's criteria of an ISA: "a system of defined institutions, organizations, and the corresponding practices," which, through their day-to-day activities, uphold some elements of the dominant ideology.

These deserve the label of "counter-apparatuses," But for ideological apparatuses that reproduce the dominant ideology, we can retain Althusser's original term, the S for "state" not a literal suggestion that a king or prime minister rules them like an embassy, but a sign precisely of that reproducing and cementing function.

So many of the concepts he has taken up in order to dismantle their power—from Marx and Althusser to Julia Kristeva—come from the same European cultures that created the colonialism that brutalized Vietnam.

My earliest reading memory I was born in Strasbourg, France, into a house full of immigrants and leftist students where people read Louis Althusser and chain-smoked Gauloises.

Since the attempted coup of 2016, 29 publishing houses have been closed by decree, and 135,000 books have been banned from public libraries, including those by Louis Althusser and Nâzim Hikmet, Turkey’s greatest poet.