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What are the 12 Days of Christmas?

“On the first day of Christmas, my true love gave to me … ”

Chances are you can name at least a few of the gifts from this beloved鈥攐r, for those scrooges less inclined to holiday songs, interminable鈥擟hristmas carol, “The Twelve Days of Christmas.”

Documented in England in 1780, this song lists the increasingly lavish gifts given to one sweetheart over the course of the “12 days of Christmas.” And while you may have memorized many of the lyrics, do you know what these 12 days actually symbolize?

The meaning of the phrase the 12 days of Christmas

It might surprise you to know the singer is not counting down the days until December 25, or Christmas. The actual 12 days of Christmas run, in many Christian traditions, between December 25, marking the birth of Jesus Christ, to January 6, the Epiphany. The Epiphany is when Christians believe Jesus Christ was revealed to the world as the son of God in the flesh. This is also the date that marks the coming of the Three Kings.

The period of time before December 25 is known as Advent聽and spans the four Sundays before Christmas.

When are the 12 days of Christmas?

The 12 days of Christmas start on December 25 and end January 5. The last evening is also known as Twelfth Night.

But, back to the carol: the holiday season gives us occasion not just to show off our memory and vocal cords, but our word power, too. Join us in this slideshow about the word origins of the (many) gifts in the “Twelve Days of Christmas.”

partridge in a pear tree

The likelihood of finding a partridge in a pear tree is slim, and not just because partridges aren’t big fruit eaters. Partridges are ground-nesting birds, preferring to avoid soaring journeys and high perches.

The word ultimately comes to us from perdix, the Greek word for the bird. This word may be related to a verb meaning “to break wind” … apparently referring to the sound of the bird鈥檚 wings as it flies off.

two turtledoves

In addition to a bird with a long, graduated tail and soft, cooing call, the word turtledove can refer to a sweetheart or beloved mate.

The latter sense likely arose out of the bird’s tendency to form strong, affectionate bonds in pairs, a trait that has been invoked in literature for centuries. William Shakespeare’s 1601 poem “The Phoenix and the Turtle” alluded to this devotion in a tale of love between a phoenix and a turtledove.

And oh, the turtle in turtledove? It has nothing to do with the shelled reptile. This turtle is based on the Latin turtur, imitative of the bird’s distinctive call.

three French hens

With two turtledoves and a partridge already in your pocket, three French hens might seem like the last thing you need. But, if your true love gives you three poulets de Bresse (Bresse chicken), a very esteemed French hen, then you should probably accept.

The word hen develops from Old English hen(n), and is related to the Latin聽canere, “to sing,” source of the English chant, among other words. Hens must love a Christmas carol, then!

four calling birds

Most of us sing this line as “calling birds,” but in a 1780 version of this song, the line was “colly birds,” likely referencing their color.

Around the time this song was published, colly was used in British dialects to mean “dirtied, grimy, or coal black.” Frederic Austin’s 1909 version of “Twelve Days of Christmas” replaced colly with calling on the fourth day, and it stuck.

five golden rings

The word gold has been used for centuries to describe the valuable metal, and it derives all the way from an ancient (Proto-Indo-European) root meaning “to shine.” This same root also ultimately gives us the word yellow.听In the song, this lyric was originally 鈥済old rings,鈥� rather than 鈥済olden rings.鈥�

six geese a-laying

Another day of Christmas, another flock of birds鈥攐r in this case a gaggle. Perhaps indicative of a fascination with the temperamental animal, the word goose has many colorful meanings.

It can refer to “the female web-footed swimming bird,” “a foolish person,” or, um, “a poke between the buttocks to startle someone” … not to mention the fun idiom wild-goose chase, which refers to “a wild or absurd search for something unattainable.”

Funny animal group names don’t stop at a murder of crows or clowder of cats. Let’s look at some of the fanciful names and origins for other animal groups.

seven swans a-swimming

Though your fowl capacity might be surpassed by now, there are still reasons to be grateful: at least this seventh-day gift is not seven swans a-singing, the result of which would surely classify as a swan song, a more ominous gift than anyone wants at Christmastime.

The word swan is thought to literally mean “the singing bird,” which would make it聽related to the Old English geswin, which means “melody, song,” and swinsian, which means “to make melody.”

eight maids a-milking

The milking done on the eighth day of Christmas is almost certainly done with the best intentions, but since this song鈥檚 appearance in the late 1700s, the verb milk has been used for a range of actions, often exploitative or dishonest in nature.

In cards, to milk the pack means “to shadily deal cards by pulling them from both the top and bottom of the deck”; to milk at the horse race was “to throw a horse race.” In the late 1800s, milk also once meant 鈥渢o bug a telephone.鈥�

nine ladies dancing

The word lady聽may come to us from the Old English 丑濒忙蹿诲颈驳别, thought to literally mean 鈥渓oaf-kneader鈥� or, more broadly, 鈥渨ife of a lord.鈥�

Entering English by 1300, the word dance comes from the Old French dancier. It supplanted the Old English word for dance, sealtian.

Feeling grateful for an extravagant gift?聽 any time of the year.

ten lords a-leaping

While lady is thought to come from the Old English for “loaf-kneader,” the word lord comes from the Old English word hlafweard, which literally meant 鈥渓oaf-keeper.鈥�

The origins of lord and lady suggest a social structure where wives made the bread and husbands guarded it. Today, fortunately, anyone can be a household’s breadwinner.

eleven pipers piping

The word pipe, meaning 鈥渢o play on a pipe,鈥� can be traced back to the Latin pipare, meaning 鈥渢o peep, chirp.鈥�

This was the first of many verb senses that arose for the word, including 鈥渢o make a shrill sound like a pipe,鈥� 鈥渢o lead or bring by playing on a pipe,鈥� and, in baking, 鈥渢o force dough or frosting through a pastry tube.鈥�